Mesh networks are decentralized network topologies where nodes (routers or access points) connect dynamically to multiple other nodes, creating multiple pathways for data to travel. This structure allows the network to self-organize and self-heal, meaning if one node fails or a connection is lost, data automatically reroutes through alternative paths to maintain connectivity.

Key characteristics include:

• Redundancy and Reliability: Unlike traditional star topologies that rely on a single central hub, mesh networks offer fault tolerance because data can take various routes to reach its destination.

• Scalability: Adding new nodes expands the network coverage and capacity without requiring a complete overhaul of the existing infrastructure.

• Deployment Types: They can be wired (for maximum stability and speed), wireless (for flexibility and ease of installation), or hybrid (combining both for optimal performance).

• Data Routing: Data moves via routing (finding the best path hop-by-hop) or flooding (sending data to all nodes, which is less efficient but ensures delivery in small networks).

Mesh networks are commonly used in smart homes (e.g., Wi-Fi mesh systems), industrial IoT, emergency response, and city-wide public Wi-Fi deployments to provide consistent coverage in large or obstructed areas.